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Further explanation of Vowel Harmony in Turkish: The Rules for the Dotted and Un-dotted Vowel forms of I - İ and U - Ü. Also the underlying rules of vowel harmony explained.

 
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The Second Rule of Vowel Harmony

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This Rule concerns the Vowels I, İ and U, Ü

We remember that there are two different forms of I (İ) and U (Ü) in Turkish.

  1. The Undotted Forms of  I or U must follow the A-Undotted group A I O U
  2. The Dotted Forms of  İ or Ü must follow the E-Dotted group E İ Ö Ü

Explanation about Dotted and Undotted Vowels

Basically this is about what are called Front Produced - Dotted Vowels - formed at the the front of the mouth - as exampled in the French Language - and the Back Produced - Undotted Vowels - produced nearer the throat - as exampled in English.

However, I prefer to categorize the difference as Dotted versus Undotted Forms for ease of explanation and leave the Grammatical terms to the expert linguists..

We saw in The Principle of Vowel Harmony (1) that a suffix containing the letter a can have two forms either a or e. The the suffix -den - from - which is used with the E-Dotted vowels - and -dan - which is used with the A-Undotted vowels - was shown as an example.

If we now consider a suffix which contains a (generic) letter -I we find there are four forms. These are -i, -ı, -u, ü

For example the suffix -im - my. We find it will change its own vowel - basically the -i- to any of -i, -ı, -u, ü to mirror the last vowel of the word it is suffixed to.

Bullet Pencil 1kbNote that we take the suffix -im my as an example. All other suffixes with an internal -i- vowel will follow these Vowel Harmony Rules


Some Examples of Harmonising Vowels

Vowel Harmony Examples
  1. ev - house
  2. evim - ev-im - my house
  3. evlerim - ev-ler-im - my houses
  4.  
  5. raf - shelf
  6. rafın - raf-ın - your shelf
  7. rafların - raf-lar-ın - your shelves
  8.  
  9. çit - hedge
  10. çiti - çit-i - his hedge
  11. çitleri - çit-ler-i - his hedges
  12.  
  13. kız - girl / daughter
  14. kızım - kız-ım - my girl
  15. kızlarım - kız-lar-ım - my girls
  1. göz - eye
  2. gözüm - göz-üm - my eye
  3. gözlerim - göz-ler-im - my eyes
  4.  
  5. yol - road
  6. yolunuz - yol-unuz - your road
  7. yollarınız - yol-lar-ınız - your roads
  8.  
  9. gün - day
  10. günümüz - gün-ümüz - our day
  11. günlerimiz - gün-ler-imiz - our days
  12.  
  13. okul - school
  14. okulları - okul-ları - their school(s)
  15. okulları - okul-lar-ı - his schools

The Four Forms of the Suffix in -i-

The four forms of an -i- suffix such as -im, -ım, -um, -üm -   my - are as follows

The suffix form -im follows words whose last vowel is -e or -i

  1. Harmony with final (Dotted Group Vowel) -e in the root word
  2. bilet - ticket
  3. biletim - bilet-im -my ticket
  4. biletlerim - bilet-ler-im - my tickets
  1. Harmony with final Dotted -i in the root word
  2. diş - tooth
  3. dişim -diş-im - my tooth
  4. dişlerim - dişler-im - my teeth

In the table above we notice that the suffix -im must contain a dotted İ as it follows a vowel from the E-dotted Group. This is also true of the plural form -ler


The suffix -ım follows words whose last vowel is -a or

  1. Harmony with final (UnDotted Group Vowel) -a in the root word
  2. at - horse
  3. atım - at-ım - my horse
  4. atlarım - atlar-ım - my horses
  1. Harmony with final UnDotted in the root word
  2. kız - girl
  3. kızım - kız-ım -my girl
  4. kızlarım - kızlar-ım - my girls

In the table above we notice that the suffix -ım must contain an undotted I as it follows a vowel from the A-dotted Group. This is also true of the plural form -lar


The suffix -üm follows words whose last vowel is or

  1. Harmony with final Dotted in the root word
  2. göz - eye
  3. gözüm - göz-üm - my eye
  4. gözlerim - gözler-im - my eyes
  1. Harmony with final Dotted in the root word
  2. gül - rose
  3. gülüm - gül-üm - my rose
  4. güllerim - güller-im - my roses

Notice that the plurals gözlerim and güllerim take the -im suffix (not the -üm suffix as in the singular) as they immediately follow the final vowel -e of the plural -ler


The suffix-um follows words whose last vowel is -o or -u

  1. Harmony with final UnDotted -o in the root word
  2. jeton - token, jeton
  3. jetonum - jeton-um - my token, my jeton
  4. jetonlarım - jetonlar-ım - my tokens, my jetons
  1. Harmony with final UnDotted -u in the root word
  2. oyun - game
  3. oyunum - oyun-um - my game
  4. oyunlarım - oyunlar-ım - my games

Notice that the plurals jetonlarım and oyunlarım take the -ım suffix (not the -um suffix as in the singular) as they immediately follow the final vowel -a of the plural -lar


The Rule for Words ending in a Vowel

The Vowel of the Suffix -im - my - is dropped to prevent two vowels occurring together.

The above applies to all Personal Possessive Adjective Suffixes that begin with a vowel. Their first vowel is dropped when adding to a noun which already ends in a vowel.

  1. baba - father
  2. babam - my father - (baba-m not babaım)
  3. baban - your father - (baba-n not babaın)
  1. kedi - cat
  2. kedim - my cat - (kedi-m not kediim)
  3. kedimiz - our cat - (kedi-miz not kediimiz)
  1. palto - overcoat
  2. paltom - my overcoat - (paltou-m not paltoum)
  3. paltonuz - your (pl.) overcoat - (palto-nuz not paltounuz)

Bullet Pencil 1kbWhen adding -im - my - (or the other Possessive Adjectives) - to a word which ends in a vowel, then we only add the letter -m etc. - this prevents two vowels occurring together.


The Complete Vowel Harmony Rules

  1. Undotted A, I, O, U are followed by A - Undotted type suffix
  2. Dotted E, İ, Ö, Ü are followed by E - Dotted type suffix
  3. Undotted A or I are followed by I - Undotted suffix
  4. Dotted E or İ are followed by İ Dotted suffix
  5. Undotted O or U are followed by U - Undotted suffix
  6. Dotted Ö or Ü are followed by Ü - Dotted suffix

These are the complete Rules of Vowel Harmony


The Explanation and Grammar Rules in the panel on the left (in Turkish) about Vowel harmony is taken from the TDK (Turkish Language Association website which can be found at:

The TDK Turkish Language Association.

Manisa Turkish is publishing this in the interests of our Turkish Students and of course those students of other nationalities who may be interested in the underlying Turkish Grammar Rules regarding Vowel Harmony.


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