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Selling olives (zeytin) at Kemeraltı Market in İzmir c.1989 |
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Other Verb FormsThe Co-operative Verb FormThe Co-operative form of the verb is where the sense given is that the action is performed with another person or persons. The co-operation may be contrary in meaning. - ie. They fought EACH OTHER . In this case Turkish will use its co-operative form of the verb vuruşmak - meaning - to fight EACH OTHER - as opposed to the basic verb - vurmak - to hit
Formation of the Co-operative VerbThe Co-operative verb sign is -iş which is added to the verb stem and it is subject to Vowel harmony so the suffix can take the following forms: -ış or -iş or -uş or -üş and -ş is added to verb stems which end in a vowel. Some Examples
The Difference of the Standard Verb to The Co-operative FormIn English it is not always apparent when a verb is co-operative, for instance the verb to collide. You can collide with a wall - (a single occurrence) or with another car - (co-operative occurrence). Turkish does make this distinction:
More about Co-operative FormsAs we mentioned in the heading of this section many Co-operative forms are in regular use and one should begin to get the feeling in Turkish that the -iş suffix concerns something that is done in concert (either with or against.) - and can be used with certain nouns to show "a doing together". This "in concert" suffix also shows up in some nouns - for instance - giriş - means entrance but can be construed to mean - (Lit: - an entering in concert). Similarly - çıkış - exit - (Lit: - a leaving in concert) Some Co-operative verbs in daily useAlso as previously mentioned many verbs with regular use are in the Co-operative form:
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